Chamomile essential oils are perhaps best known for their calming influence upon the nervous system, their support of irritated or inflamed tissues, and their overall harmonizing effect upon the body. Yet “Chamomile” actually refers to two distinct plants with differing chemistry, aroma and applications -- German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) and Roman chamomile (Anthemis nobilis).
Though both belong to the Asteraceae family and are often used for similar conditions, they differ considerably in growth habit and chemical composition. German chamomile is a low-growing annual herb with flowers appearing individually upon slender stems. Roman chamomile, by contrast, is a perennial species with a somewhat taller and more branching growth pattern.
The chemistry of these oils helps explain both their similarities and their differences.
German chamomile contains notable quantities of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenols, compounds associated with its much-researched anti-inflammatory and skin-soothing properties. Its characteristic deep blue color develops during distillation through the formation of chamazulene -- one of the more recognizable compounds associated with this oil. Roman chamomile, however, is chemically quite different, containing a remarkably high percentage of esters -- compounds well known in aroma-therapy for their calming and antispasmodic qualities. These esters contribute greatly to Roman chamomile’s reputation as a soothing oil for nervous tension, cramping, restlessness and irritability.
It is widely recognized among aromatherapists that even very small amounts of Roman chamomile can noticeably soften and round out a blend, both aromatically and therapeutically.
The oils themselves are quite distinct in aroma and appearance.
German chamomile is typically dark blue to blue-green in color, somewhat viscous in texture, and possesses a strong warm herbaceous aroma with sweet undertones. Roman chamomile is pale yellow, more fluid, and softer overall in fragrance -- often described as tea-like with subtle fresh apple notes. Roman chamomile is frequently favored for aromatic and emotional applications, while German chamomile has historically received broader attention in clinical and research settings.
Historical Uses
Chamomile has been used since antiquity for calming frayed nerves, easing digestive discomfort, relieving muscular tension and supporting irritated or sensitive skin. Both species have earned a longstanding reputation for gentleness, particularly in applications involving children.
German chamomile flowers are extensively used in teas and cosmetic preparations, while the essential oil is valued for its cooling and harmonizing effects. Depending upon the developmental stage of the plant when harvested, levels of alpha-bisabolol may vary considerably, often reaching their highest concentration at full bloom. Together with chamazulene, these compounds contribute to German chamomile’s notable topical soothing capabilities.
Roman chamomile has been used throughout the Mediterranean region for centuries and remains one of the classic oils for calming agitation and tension. It has traditionally been used to comfort children during periods of irritability and teething discomfort, while also supporting digestive relaxation and muscular ease. Topically, it is regarded as exceptionally gentle and is often included in preparations for delicate or reactive skin.
Interestingly, although Roman chamomile is less represented within clinical literature than German chamomile, it remains one of the most valued calming oils within traditional aroma-therapy practice.
Recent Studies Using Chamomile
Researchers have investigated chamomile for a broad variety of applications over the years, including its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antispasmodic properties.
In the Department of Virology at the University of Heidelberg, Germany (Phytomedicine, 2008), chamomile extracts were screened for inhibitory effects against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). The study reported inhibitory activity in vitro, suggesting possible topical applications worthy of further investigation.
A separate study conducted at Niigata University in Japan (Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2005) explored German chamomile in relation to antihistamine activity in animal models, particularly involving pruritus (itch-related irritation). Researchers observed enhanced effects when used alongside antihistamine medications.
In another small observational study, German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) was associated with improvements in attention and hyperactivity measures, though the study size was limited and the findings remain preliminary.¹
Concluding Thoughts
Though German and Roman chamomile differ substantially in chemistry, aroma and emphasis of use, both possess a long history of supporting health and well-being. German chamomile, or Matricaria recutita, is perhaps best known for its cooling and soothing qualities and its much-researched topical applications. Roman chamomile, Anthemis nobilis, offers a softer aromatic profile and is especially valued for its calming influence upon tension, irritability and nervous imbalance.
Both oils continue to hold an important place in herbal and aroma-therapeutic traditions -- not only because of ongoing research, but because generations of practical use have consistently affirmed their gentle and versatile nature.
We hope this helps you understand a bit more about these very-loved oils.
